Species
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Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Spreng

Aquilaria sinensis, Chinese Agarwood, Chinese Eaglewood, bai mu xiang

Climate known 46 photographs
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Every figure on this page is derived from public data by a stated rule and says its source; nothing here is written by a person or a model, except the Wikipedia passage, which is quoted and marked as such. How it is made.

Summary

Aquilaria sinensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Thymelaeaceae. It is sometimes referred to by the common names Chinese Agarwood, and Chinese Eaglewood (English), Bai Mu Xiang, Chen Xiang, and Tu Chen Xiang and A Ga Ru.

Text from Wikipedia, “Aquilaria sinensis”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written. Kept separate from everything derived here.

About the genus · Aquilaria

Aquilaria is a genus of trees, called lign aloes or lign-aloes trees, in the family Thymelaeaceae. It includes 21 species native to southeast Asia. They occur particularly in the rainforests of Indonesia, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, southern China, Malaysia, Northeast India, Bangladesh, the Philippines, Borneo and New Guinea. More on Wikipedia ›

The opening of Wikipedia, “Aquilaria”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written.

Family
Thymelaeaceae
Described by
(Lour.) Spreng
Native to
Hainan, China Southeast
Wild records
237 in range· 47 open

At a glance

Warmest month
31°C
Jul, mean day; nights 25 °C (CHELSA)
Rain
1944mm/yr
12 wet months · peak Jun 334 mm (CHELSA)
Light
19–33DLI
mol/m²/day, winter to summer, open sky (CHELSA shortwave)
In short condensed by rule from the cultivation cards · not written by a person
Rain rule: a summer growing season, May to September in the northern hemisphere (May to September at the habitat, northern). Habitat rain 1944 mm a year, wettest June at 334 mm, driest December at 31 mm (habitat calendar, northern hemisphere). Open sky over the habitat: 19 to 33 mol/m²/day. Cold floor 3.8 °C (1st-percentile habitat night, NASA POWER).
Each sentence is one card's own one-line form, written by the same rule as the card (Its year, Rain, Light, Temperature); the note cannot say what a card does not. Months are given for the northern hemisphere (set your site in Settings to change this), and the habitat's own alongside. The cards · the figures.

Also known as Agallochum grandiflorum (Benth.) Kuntze; Agallochum sinense (Lour.) Kuntze; Aquilaria chinensis Spreng.; Aquilaria grandiflora Benth.; Aquilaria malaccensis Benth. and 5 more.

Cultivation

Its year Rain rule: a summer growing season, May to September in the northern hemisphere (May to September at the habitat, northern).

This species’ habitat figures, and what two fixed rules read from them.

The rain rule reads a summer growing season: 70% of the year's rain (1420 mm of 1944 mm) falls in May to September, warmer than the year (wet-season mean 27.6 °C against a yearly mean of 22.6 °C). Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: November to March.

Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the envelope cells: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve gives a season to reverse. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain Habitat rain 1944 mm a year, wettest June at 334 mm, driest December at 31 mm (habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

1944 mm a year at the habitat, 1420 mm of it May to September. Wettest month June at 334 mm, driest December at 31 mm. Across the envelope cells the year's total runs 1636 mm to 2402 mm (10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year) (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).

CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the envelope cells. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light Open sky over the habitat: 19 to 33 mol/m²/day.

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Open sky over the habitat: 19 to 33 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 15, the highest 90th-percentile month 37).

CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Warmth and air Cold floor 3.8 °C (1st-percentile habitat night, NASA POWER).

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell is 3.8 °C, the absolute minimum -1.5 °C, 4 frost nights in 44 years (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 34.4 °C. Monthly means: coldest night 10.6 °C in January (across the envelope cells 6.5 °C to 16.1 °C), warmest day 30.7 °C in July (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). Cold floor: 3.8 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell (NASA POWER).

NASA POWER daily minima and maxima 1981–2024 at the typical cell, lapse-corrected to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA. The cold floor is the figure named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 57 to 67% across the year (monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the envelope cells.

The figures the cards read from are in Climate below, and where they came from in Natural habitat.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat climate through the yearMean day from 19 °C in Jan to 31 °C in Jul; mean night from 11 °C in Jan to 25 °C in Jul. The cold quarter, Dec to Feb, is the three months around the coldest night. 1944 mm of rain a year, most in Jun. The bands show the 10th to 90th percentile across 35 habitat cells. Over 44 years at the typical cell the absolute minimum was -1.5 °C and the 99th-percentile day 34.4 °C; neither is dated to a month. Beneath: daily light integral and relative humidity through the year, each on its own scale.-10°10°20°30°40°frost34.4° 99th-percentile day (undated)-1.5° lowest night in 44 yrs (undated)°C · day and nightcold quarter0100200300400500mm rainDLI 19–33RH 57–67 %JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain 10th–90th percentile across 35 habitat cells cold quarter: the three months around the coldest night extremes over 44 years at the typical cell, marked at the edge: undated DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C19 / 14–2219 / 15–2422 / 18–2626 / 23–2929 / 26–3030 / 29–3131 / 30–3231 / 29–3230 / 28–3028 / 26–2824 / 21–2520 / 16–23
Night °C11 / 7–1613 / 9–1816 / 12–2020 / 16–2323 / 20–2525 / 23–2625 / 24–2625 / 24–2624 / 22–2521 / 18–2316 / 12–2012 / 8–17
Rain mm38 / 14–6364 / 26–9684 / 37–144169 / 96–256283 / 182–373334 / 202–467297 / 215–394281 / 205–391225 / 126–30886 / 62–27152 / 40–9231 / 25–47
DLI19 / 15–2319 / 15–2621 / 18–3125 / 21–3629 / 25–3630 / 27–3633 / 30–3731 / 30–3430 / 29–3128 / 24–3024 / 20–2521 / 17–23
RH %60 / 57–6363 / 61–6664 / 63–6866 / 64–7066 / 65–7067 / 65–7167 / 65–7067 / 65–6965 / 62–6760 / 58–6458 / 56–6257 / 54–62

Each figure is the median across the 35 grid cells holding the 39 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. Extremes and elevation were read at the typical cell 1350:5860 (22.475, 113.025). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -1.5 °C, 1st-percentile night 3.8 °C, 99th-percentile day 34.4 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Envelope: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 35 distinct grid cells holding the 39 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1350:5860 (its coldest month's mean night nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 22.50_113.125, lapse-corrected -29 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 2 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across every in-range record's cell, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeHainan, China Southeast· introduced: Vietnam
Kew's description“tree” · “subtropical”· quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Map marker22.316, 114.091 · in the densest population, 202 records (85% of those in range)
Evidence usedThe map marker and the climate envelope rest on all 237 georeferenced records inside the native range; the map shows only the 47 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 28 km away. 6 records outside the range (gardens, roadsides, misidentifications) ignored. 198 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km and stay on the map but off the climate.
The map markerthe map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 237 in-range records; it decides nothing.

Photographs

Aquilaria sinensisAquilaria sinensisAquilaria sinensisAquilaria sinensisAquilaria sinensisAquilaria sinensisAquilaria sinensisAquilaria sinensis

Photographs: no rights reserved · CC0 (4); (c) Yj, some rights reserved (CC BY) (4).

Photographs: iNaturalist and Wikimedia Commons did not answer when this page was built; what is shown came from the sources that did.

Papers naming this species

Works whose title or abstract names Aquilaria sinensis, most cited first, from OpenAlex (CC0). A mention, not a cultivation source: nothing on this page is drawn from them.

The Anticancer, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of the Sesquiterpene β-Caryophyllene from the Essential Oil of Aquilaria crassna
Saad Sabbar Dahham, Yasser Tabana, Muhammad Adnan Iqbal, Mohamed B. Khadeer Ahamed (2015) · Molecules
New Perspectives on How to Discover Drugs from Herbal Medicines: CAM's Outstanding Contribution to Modern Therapeutics
Si-Yuan Pan, Shu-Feng Zhou, Si-Hua Gao, Zhi‐Ling Yu (2013) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Sesquiterpenoids Lactones: Benefits to Plants and People
Martin Chadwick, Harriet Trewin, Frances Gawthrop, Carol Wagstaff (2013) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Applications of Green Synthesized Metal Nanoparticles — a Review
Srirengaraj Vijayaram, Hary Razafindralambo, Yun‐Zhang Sun, Seerangaraj Vasantharaj (2023) · Biological Trace Element Research
Recent advances in research on lignans and neolignans
Rémy Bertrand Teponno, Souvik Kusari, Michael Spiteller (2016) · Natural Product Reports
Biodiversity, bioactive natural products and biotechnological potential of plant-associated endophytic actinobacteria
Sheng Qin, Ke Xing, Jihong Jiang, Lihua Xu (2010) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
α-Glucosidase inhibitors isolated from medicinal plants
Zhenhua Yin, Wei Zhang, Fajin Feng, Yong Zhang (2014) · Food Science and Human Wellness
Cross Talk between H2O2 and Interacting Signal Molecules under Plant Stress Response
Ina Saxena, Sandhya Srikanth, Zhong Chen (2016) · Frontiers in Plant Science
Plant and Microbial Approaches as Green Methods for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Applications, and Future Perspectives
Norah Salem Alsaiari, Fatimah Mohammed A. Alzahrani, Abdelfattah Amari, Haitham Osman (2023) · Molecules
Natural Sources and Bioactivities of 2,4-Di-Tert-Butylphenol and Its Analogs
Fuqiang Zhao, Ping Wang, Rima D. Lucardi, Zushang Su (2020) · Toxins
Threatened Species List of China’s Higher Plants
Haining Qin, Yong Yang, Shi‐Yong Dong, Qiang He (2017) · Biodiversity Science

Similar habitat climate the 6 species whose habitat climate is nearest this one's: mean day and night, month by month, and rain on a log scale, in calendar order, so a habitat with the same seasons six months out is far, not near. Nothing else counts: not range, not family.

History & registers

Where this page came from built 2026-09-20 · dossier v2 · node
gbif.species answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
gbif.synonyms answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
gbif.vernacular answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
wcvp.distribution answered
gbif.occurrences answeredGBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.3h4zam
climate answered
wikidata answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
wikipedia answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skipped
inat.taxon not askedcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive)
inat.photos.wild answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skipped
inat.photos.cultivated nothing to reportcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
commons not askedcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
gbif.media answered
openalex answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skipped

Every upstream is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, or refused. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 18 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.