Species
+

Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl.

Goldgelber Hammerstrauch (DE); Dondiego de noche (ES), Orange Jessamine, Orange cestrum, Orange-flowering Jessamine

Climate known 76 photographs
Add one to my plants Sow seed

Every figure on this page is derived from public data by a stated rule and says its source; nothing here is written by a person or a model, except the Wikipedia passage, which is quoted and marked as such. How it is made.

Summary

Cestrum aurantiacum is a species of shrub in the potato family Solanaceae that is native to tropical regions of North and South America.

Text from Wikipedia, “Cestrum aurantiacum”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written. Kept separate from everything derived here.

About the genus · Cestrum

Cestrum is a genus of — depending on authority — 150-250 species of flowering plants in the family Solanaceae. They are native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the Americas, from the southernmost United States south to the Bío-Bío Region in central Chile. They are colloquially known as cestrums or jessamines.

Text from Wikipedia, “Cestrum”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written.

Family
Solanaceae
Described by
Lindl.
Native to
India, Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast +10
Wild records
843 in range· 703 open

At a glance

Warmest month
24°C
Apr, mean day; nights 12 °C (CHELSA)
Rain
1568mm/yr
8 wet months · peak Sep 294 mm (CHELSA)
Light
30–42DLI
mol/m²/day, winter to summer, open sky (CHELSA shortwave)
In short condensed by rule from the cultivation cards · not written by a person
Rain rule: a summer growing season, June to October in the northern hemisphere (June to October at the habitat, northern). Habitat rain 1568 mm a year, wettest September at 294 mm, driest February at 19 mm (habitat calendar, northern hemisphere). Open sky over the habitat: 30 to 42 mol/m²/day. Cold floor 4.6 °C (1st-percentile habitat night, NASA POWER).
Each sentence is one card's own one-line form, written by the same rule as the card (Its year, Rain, Light, Temperature); the note cannot say what a card does not. Months are given for the northern hemisphere (set your site in Settings to change this), and the habitat's own alongside. The cards · the figures.

Also known as Brachistus ligustrina (Dunal) Hemsl.; Capsicum ligustrinum (Dunal) Kuntze; Cestrum anagyridium St.-Lag.; Cestrum anagyris Dunal; Cestrum anagyris var. tomentosum Francey and 27 more.

Cultivation

Its year Rain rule: a summer growing season, June to October in the northern hemisphere (June to October at the habitat, northern).

This species’ habitat figures, and what two fixed rules read from them.

The rain rule reads a summer growing season: 70% of the year's rain (1254 mm of 1568 mm) falls in June to October, warmer than the year (wet-season mean 16.8 °C against a yearly mean of 16.1 °C). Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: December to April.

Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the envelope cells: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve gives a season to reverse. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain Habitat rain 1568 mm a year, wettest September at 294 mm, driest February at 19 mm (habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

1568 mm a year at the habitat, 1254 mm of it June to October. Wettest month September at 294 mm, driest February at 19 mm. Across the envelope cells the year's total runs 897 mm to 3298 mm (10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year) (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).

CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the envelope cells. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light Open sky over the habitat: 30 to 42 mol/m²/day.

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Open sky over the habitat: 30 to 42 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 24, the highest 90th-percentile month 48).

CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Warmth and air Cold floor 4.6 °C (1st-percentile habitat night, NASA POWER).

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell is 4.6 °C, the absolute minimum -1.5 °C, 2 frost nights in 44 years (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 29.9 °C. Monthly means: coldest night 8.4 °C in January (across the envelope cells 2.5 °C to 14.8 °C), warmest day 23.7 °C in April (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). Cold floor: 4.6 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell (NASA POWER).

NASA POWER daily minima and maxima 1981–2024 at the typical cell, lapse-corrected to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA. The cold floor is the figure named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 57 to 69% across the year (monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the envelope cells.

The figures the cards read from are in Climate below, and where they came from in Natural habitat.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat climate through the yearMean day from 19 °C in Dec to 24 °C in Apr; mean night from 8 °C in Jan to 13 °C in Jun. The cold quarter, Dec to Feb, is the three months around the coldest night. 1568 mm of rain a year, most in Sep. The bands show the 10th to 90th percentile across 500 habitat cells. Over 44 years at the typical cell the absolute minimum was -1.5 °C and the 99th-percentile day 29.9 °C; neither is dated to a month. Beneath: daily light integral and relative humidity through the year, each on its own scale.-10°10°20°30°40°frost29.9° 99th-percentile day (undated)-1.5° lowest night in 44 yrs (undated)°C · day and nightcold quarter0100200300400500mm rainDLI 30–42RH 57–69 %JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain 10th–90th percentile across 500 habitat cells cold quarter: the three months around the coldest night extremes over 44 years at the typical cell, marked at the edge: undated DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C20 / 15–2521 / 16–2623 / 19–2824 / 20–2923 / 19–2922 / 18–2721 / 17–2621 / 17–2621 / 17–2620 / 16–2520 / 16–2419 / 15–24
Night °C8 / 3–159 / 3–1510 / 5–1612 / 7–1713 / 8–1913 / 9–1913 / 8–1913 / 8–1913 / 8–1912 / 7–1810 / 5–169 / 3–16
Rain mm24 / 7–9719 / 8–8220 / 9–8348 / 17–133137 / 59–367281 / 153–463261 / 135–415261 / 142–456294 / 154–485157 / 72–44647 / 17–22619 / 8–142
DLI32 / 26–3537 / 30–4041 / 37–4542 / 37–4839 / 33–4533 / 28–3935 / 28–3935 / 28–3831 / 27–3430 / 26–3430 / 25–3430 / 24–33
RH %59 / 52–6757 / 49–6557 / 46–6258 / 46–6362 / 52–6867 / 61–7267 / 63–7267 / 63–7169 / 64–7266 / 60–7363 / 55–7060 / 53–68

Each figure is the median across the 500 grid cells holding the 839 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. Extremes and elevation were read at the typical cell 1491:1777 (15.425, -91.125). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -1.5 °C, 1st-percentile night 4.6 °C, 99th-percentile day 29.9 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Envelope: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 500 distinct grid cells holding the 839 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1491:1777 (its coldest month's mean night nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 15.50_-91.250, lapse-corrected +130 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 2014 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across every in-range record's cell, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeIndia, Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Southwest, Mexico Southeast, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela· introduced: Canary Is., Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Cape Provinces, KwaZulu-Natal, Swaziland, Northern Provinces, Mauritius, Réunion, China Southeast, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, West Himalaya, Jawa, New South Wales, Queensland, New Zealand North, Hawaii
Kew's description“shrub or tree” · “wet tropical”· quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Map marker19.248, -99.197 · in the densest population, 456 records (54% of those in range)
Evidence usedThe map marker and the climate envelope rest on all 843 georeferenced records inside the native range; the map shows only the 703 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 18 km away. 270 records outside the range (gardens, roadsides, misidentifications) ignored. 4 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km and stay on the map but off the climate.
The map markerthe map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 4° block of the 843 in-range records; it decides nothing.

Photographs

Cestrum aurantiacumCestrum aurantiacumCestrum aurantiacumCestrum aurantiacumCestrum aurantiacumCestrum aurantiacumCestrum aurantiacumCestrum aurantiacum

Photographs: no rights reserved · CC0 (2); (c) Tony Rebelo, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA) (2); (c) Jacqui Geux, some rights reserved (CC BY) (3); (c) JCorven, some rights reserved (CC BY).

Photographs: iNaturalist and Wikimedia Commons did not answer when this page was built; what is shown came from the sources that did.

Papers naming this species

Works whose title or abstract names Cestrum aurantiacum, most cited first, from OpenAlex (CC0). A mention, not a cultivation source: nothing on this page is drawn from them.

Struktur dan komposisi tegakan hutan di Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango, Jawa Barat
Benyamin Dendang (2015) · Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia
Cold-sensitive chromosome regions and heterochromatin inCestrum aurantiacum (Solanaceae)
Christine Berg, Johann Greilhuber (1993) · Plant Systematics and Evolution
Strange Little Flies in the Big City: Exotic Flower-Breeding Drosophilidae (Diptera) in Urban Los Angeles
David A. Grimaldi, Paul Ginsberg, Lesley Thayer, Shane F. McEvey (2015) · PLoS ONE
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Light Microscopy (LM)‐based Palyno‐morphological views of Solanaceae in Western Himalaya
Sadaf Kayani, Manzoor Hussain, Mushtaq Ahmad, Muhammad Zafar (2018) · Microscopy Research and Technique
Ecological risk assessment of potentially invasive alien plant species in Cibodas Biosphere Reserve, West Java, Indonesia
Aisyah Handayani, Decky Indrawan Junaedi, Ervizal A.M. Zuhud (2021) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science
Vegetation community and species association of Castanopsis spp. at its habitat in the remnant forest of Cibodas Botanical Garden, Indonesia
Dian Ridwan Nurdiana, Jr. Buot Inocencio E (2021) · Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Invasion of Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl. in Kenya
Josephat Makokha (2018) · Journal of Environmental Protection
Current status of root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Tamil Nadu
P Suresh, K. Poornima, Muttucumaru Sivakumar, S. Subramanian (2017) · Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
Penyebaran Tumbuhan Asing di Hutan Wornojiwo Kebun Raya Cibodas, Cianjur, Jawa Barat
Zaenal Mutaqien, Vin-Vin Maria Tresnanovia, Musyarofah Zuhri (2018)

Similar habitat climate the 6 species whose habitat climate is nearest this one's: mean day and night, month by month, and rain on a log scale, in calendar order, so a habitat with the same seasons six months out is far, not near. Nothing else counts: not range, not family.

Other Cestrum 1 in the reference

History & registers

Where this page came from built 2026-09-20 · dossier v2 · node
gbif.species answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
gbif.synonyms answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
gbif.vernacular answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
wcvp.distribution answered
gbif.occurrences answeredGBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.3h4zam
climate answered
wikidata answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
wikipedia answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skipped
inat.taxon not askedcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive)
inat.photos.wild answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skipped
inat.photos.cultivated nothing to reportcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
commons not askedcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
gbif.media answered
openalex answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skipped

Every upstream is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, or refused. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 114 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.