Species
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Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz.

Climbing Euonymus, Dwarf Euonymus, Dwarf euonymus, Fortune's creeping spindle, EUOFOR

Climate known 53 photographs
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Every figure on this page is derived from public data by a stated rule and says its source; nothing here is written by a person or a model, except the Wikipedia passage, which is quoted and marked as such. How it is made.

Summary

Euonymus fortunei, the spindle, Fortune's spindle, winter creeper or wintercreeper, is a species of flowering plant in the family Celastraceae, native to east Asia, including China, Korea, the Philippines and Japan. E. fortunei is highly invasive and damaging in the United States, causing the death of trees and forest in urban areas.

Text from Wikipedia, “Euonymus fortunei”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written. Kept separate from everything derived here.

About the genus · Euonymus

Euonymus is a genus of flowering plants in the staff vine family Celastraceae. Common names vary widely among different species and between different English-speaking countries, but include spindle, burning-bush, strawberry-bush, wahoo, wintercreeper, or simply euonymus. It has about 140 species of deciduous and evergreen shrubs, small trees and lianas. More on Wikipedia ›

The opening of Wikipedia, “Euonymus”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written.

Family
Celastraceae
Described by
(Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz.
Native to
China South-Central, Hainan, Manchuria +19
Wild records
177 in range· 100 open

At a glance

Warmest month
28°C
Aug, mean day; nights 23 °C (CHELSA)
Rain
1541mm/yr
12 wet months · peak Jun 230 mm (CHELSA)
Light
16–33DLI
mol/m²/day, winter to summer, open sky (CHELSA shortwave)
In short condensed by rule from the cultivation cards · not written by a person
Rain rule: a summer growing season, March to September in the northern hemisphere (March to September at the habitat, northern). Habitat rain 1541 mm a year, wettest June at 230 mm, driest December at 46 mm (habitat calendar, northern hemisphere). Open sky over the habitat: 16 to 33 mol/m²/day. Cold floor -4.8 °C (1st-percentile habitat night, NASA POWER).
Each sentence is one card's own one-line form, written by the same rule as the card (Its year, Rain, Light, Temperature); the note cannot say what a card does not. Months are given for the northern hemisphere (set your site in Settings to change this), and the habitat's own alongside. The cards · the figures.

Also known as Cassine fortunei (Turcz.) Kuntze; Elaeodendron fortunei Turcz.; Elaeodendron javanicum Turcz.; Euonymus fortunei (Turczaninow) Handel-Mazetti; Euonymus fortunei f. albifructus Murata and 22 more.

Cultivation

Its year Rain rule: a summer growing season, March to September in the northern hemisphere (March to September at the habitat, northern).

This species’ habitat figures, and what two fixed rules read from them.

The rain rule reads a summer growing season: 70% of the year's rain (1194 mm of 1541 mm) falls in March to September, warmer than the year (wet-season mean 19.6 °C against a yearly mean of 15.4 °C). Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: September to March.

Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the envelope cells: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve gives a season to reverse. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain Habitat rain 1541 mm a year, wettest June at 230 mm, driest December at 46 mm (habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

1541 mm a year at the habitat, 1194 mm of it March to September. Wettest month June at 230 mm, driest December at 46 mm. Across the envelope cells the year's total runs 1015 mm to 2443 mm (10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year) (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).

CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the envelope cells. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light Open sky over the habitat: 16 to 33 mol/m²/day.

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Open sky over the habitat: 16 to 33 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 13, the highest 90th-percentile month 37).

CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Warmth and air Cold floor -4.8 °C (1st-percentile habitat night, NASA POWER).

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell is -4.8 °C, the absolute minimum -16.6 °C, about 38 frost nights a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 33.1 °C. Monthly means: coldest night 1.0 °C in January (across the envelope cells -6.0 °C to 4.8 °C), warmest day 28.2 °C in August (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). Cold floor: -4.8 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell (NASA POWER).

NASA POWER daily minima and maxima 1981–2024 at the typical cell, lapse-corrected to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA. The cold floor is the figure named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 58 to 66% across the year (monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the envelope cells.

The figures the cards read from are in Climate below, and where they came from in Natural habitat.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat climate through the yearMean day from 8 °C in Jan to 28 °C in Aug; mean night from 1 °C in Jan to 23 °C in Aug. The cold quarter, Dec to Feb, is the three months around the coldest night. 1541 mm of rain a year, most in Jun. The bands show the 10th to 90th percentile across 171 habitat cells. Over 44 years at the typical cell the absolute minimum was -16.6 °C and the 99th-percentile day 33.1 °C; neither is dated to a month. Beneath: daily light integral and relative humidity through the year, each on its own scale.-20°-10°10°20°30°40°frost33.1° 99th-percentile day (undated)-16.6° lowest night in 44 yrs (undated)°C · day and nightcold quarter0100200300400500mm rainDLI 16–33RH 58–66 %JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain 10th–90th percentile across 171 habitat cells cold quarter: the three months around the coldest night extremes over 44 years at the typical cell, marked at the edge: undated DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C8 / 2–139 / 4–1513 / 8–1818 / 13–2322 / 17–2725 / 20–3027 / 23–3228 / 24–3225 / 21–2920 / 17–2515 / 11–2010 / 5–15
Night °C1 / -6–52 / -5–76 / -1–1011 / 5–1515 / 10–1919 / 14–2322 / 17–2523 / 18–2519 / 14–2214 / 9–178 / 2–123 / -3–7
Rain mm62 / 12–10175 / 18–129122 / 33–208133 / 55–254171 / 96–287230 / 126–401198 / 143–357178 / 136–333162 / 83–29392 / 52–21572 / 35–13346 / 14–79
DLI17 / 13–2021 / 15–2425 / 18–3031 / 23–3632 / 26–3730 / 28–3633 / 29–3632 / 29–3426 / 23–2923 / 18–2618 / 15–2216 / 13–20
RH %60 / 54–6460 / 55–6461 / 56–6561 / 56–6562 / 58–6665 / 61–6966 / 61–7165 / 61–6963 / 60–6761 / 58–6560 / 56–6458 / 55–64

Each figure is the median across the 171 grid cells holding the 174 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. Extremes and elevation were read at the typical cell 1229:5887 (28.525, 114.375). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -16.6 °C, 1st-percentile night -4.8 °C, 99th-percentile day 33.1 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Envelope: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 171 distinct grid cells holding the 174 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1229:5887 (its coldest month's mean night nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 28.50_114.375, lapse-corrected -76 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 300 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across every in-range record's cell, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeChina South-Central, Hainan, Manchuria, China North-Central, Qinghai, China Southeast, Xinjiang, Japan, Korea, Nansei-shoto, Taiwan, Assam, East Himalaya, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatera· introduced: Great Britain, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Baltic States, Ontario, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Connecticut, Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode I., Vermont, Texas, Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, District of Columbia
Kew's description“scrambling subshrub or shrub” · “temperate”· quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Map marker35.482, 139.191 · in the densest population, 32 records (18% of those in range)
Evidence usedThe map marker and the climate envelope rest on all 177 georeferenced records inside the native range; the map shows only the 100 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker in the same place. 1721 records outside the range (gardens, roadsides, misidentifications) ignored. 3 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km and stay on the map but off the climate.
The map markerthe map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 177 in-range records; it decides nothing.

Photographs

Euonymus fortuneiEuonymus fortuneiEuonymus fortuneiEuonymus fortuneiEuonymus fortuneiEuonymus fortuneiEuonymus fortuneiEuonymus fortunei

Photographs: (c) Douglas Goldman, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA) (4); (c) Sylvia Scharf, some rights reserved (CC BY) (2); (c) M. Whitson, some rights reserved (CC BY) (2).

Photographs: iNaturalist did not answer when this page was built; what is shown came from the sources that did.

Papers naming this species

Works whose title or abstract names Euonymus fortunei, most cited first, from OpenAlex (CC0). A mention, not a cultivation source: nothing on this page is drawn from them.

The evolution of minor vein phloem and phloem loading
Robert Turgeon, Richard Medville, Kevin C. Nixon (2001) · American Journal of Botany
Variability among species in the apoplastic pH signalling response to drying soils
R.G. Sharp, W. J. Davies (2009) · Journal of Experimental Botany
THE GEOMETRY OF PLANT EPIDERMAL CELLS
Robert W. Korn, RICHARD M. SPALDING (1973) · New Phytologist
Positive plant-soil feedback may drive dominance of a woodland invader, Euonymus fortunei
Lauren M. Smith, Heather L. Reynolds (2012) · Plant Ecology
Olfactory responses of the vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus , to tree odours
R.W.H.M. van Tol, J.H. Visser, Maurice W. Sabelis (2002) · Physiological Entomology
Field Attraction of the Vine Weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus to Kairomones
R.W.H.M. van Tol, Denny J. Bruck, F.C. Griepink, W.J. de Kogel (2012) · Journal of Economic Entomology
Use of Host Plant Resources by the Euonymus Scale, Unaspis euonymi (Homoptera: Diaspididae)
Clifford S. Sadof, Jonathan J. Neal (1993) · Annals of the Entomological Society of America
α-Glucosidase inhibitory triterpenoids from Euonymus fortunei
Ke Zhao, Shiwei Sun, Hui Wang, Lin Wang (2021) · Bioorganic Chemistry

Similar habitat climate the 6 species whose habitat climate is nearest this one's: mean day and night, month by month, and rain on a log scale, in calendar order, so a habitat with the same seasons six months out is far, not near. Nothing else counts: not range, not family.

Other Euonymus 4 in the reference

History & registers

Where this page came from built 2026-09-20 · dossier v2 · node
gbif.species answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
gbif.synonyms answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
gbif.vernacular answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
wcvp.distribution answered
gbif.occurrences answeredGBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.3h4zam
climate answered
wikidata answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
wikipedia answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19; this build: skipped
inat.taxon not asked
inat.photos.wild answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19; this build: skipped
inat.photos.cultivated nothing to reportcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
commons nothing to reportcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
gbif.media answered
openalex answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19; this build: skipped

Every upstream is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, or refused. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 116 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.