Species
+

Ficus virens Aiton

Albayi, Lulk, White fig, huang ge shu

Climate known 20 photographs Tropical foliage plant
Add one to my plants Sow seed

Every figure on this page is derived from public data by a stated rule and says its source; nothing here is written by a person or a model, except the Wikipedia passage, which is quoted and marked as such. How it is made.

Summary

Ficus virens is a semi-deciduous tree of the genus Ficus. It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of India, the Himalayas, Indochina, southern and central China, Malesia, Papuasia, northern Australia, and the Caroline Islands, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu in the western Pacific. Its common name is white fig; it is locally known as pilkhan and in the Kunwinjku language it is called manbornde. Like many figs, its fruits are edible. More on Wikipedia ›

The opening of Wikipedia, “Ficus virens”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written. Kept separate from everything derived here.

About the genus · Ficus

Ficus is a genus of about 850 species of woody trees, shrubs, vines, epiphytes and hemiepiphytes in the family Moraceae. Collectively known as fig trees or figs, they are native throughout the tropics with a few species extending into the semi-warm temperate zone. Many Ficus species are grown for their fruits, though only two species, the common fig and sycamore fig, are cultivated to any extent, with common fig being the type species and by far the most important. More on Wikipedia ›

The opening of Wikipedia, “Ficus”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written.

Family
Moraceae
Described by
Aiton
Native to
China South-Central, Hainan, China North-Central +32
Wild records
1516 in range· 1282 open

At a glance

Warmest month
29°C
Dec, mean day; nights 24 °C (CHELSA)
Rain
1220mm/yr
10 wet months · peak Jan 245 mm (CHELSA)
Light
30–43DLI
mol/m²/day, winter to summer, open sky (CHELSA shortwave)
In short condensed by rule from the cultivation cards · not written by a person
Grouped as a tropical foliage plant by the genus Ficus, which is reliably one kind of plant (archetype table). Rain rule: a sharp rainy season, December to April at the habitat (not shifted); the temperature curve is flat (3.9 °C of range), so no growing season is inferred. Habitat rain 1220 mm a year, wettest January at 245 mm, driest September at 21 mm (habitat calendar, southern hemisphere). Open sky over the habitat: 30 to 43 mol/m²/day. Cold floor 12 °C (archetype minimum for a tropical foliage plant, above the 11.4 °C habitat night).
Each sentence is one card's own one-line form, written by the same rule as the card (Its year, Rain, Light, Temperature); the note cannot say what a card does not. Months are given for the northern hemisphere (set your site in Settings to change this), and the habitat's own alongside. The cards · the figures.

Also known as Artocarpus canaranus Miq.; Broussonetia integrifolia Buch.-Ham.; Ficus aegeirophylla (Miq.) Miq.; Ficus ampla Kunth & C.D.Bouché; Ficus apiculata (Miq.) Miq. and 45 more.

Cultivation

Grouped as a tropical foliage plant by the genus Ficus, which is reliably one kind of plant (archetype table). The table supplies one figure for this group, a conventional minimum for the cold floor, and no prose.

Its year Rain rule: a sharp rainy season, December to April at the habitat (not shifted); the temperature curve is flat (3.9 °C of range), so no growing season is inferred.

This species’ habitat figures, and what two fixed rules read from them.

The rain rule reads a sharp season: 70% of the year's rain (942 mm of 1220 mm) falls in December to April. The temperature curve is flat, 3.9 °C between the warmest and coldest month, so the growing-season rule does not infer a growing season from it. Months are the habitat's, southern hemisphere; with a flat temperature curve there is no season to reverse, so they are not shifted for a collection elsewhere.

Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the envelope cells: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve gives a season to reverse. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain Habitat rain 1220 mm a year, wettest January at 245 mm, driest September at 21 mm (habitat calendar, southern hemisphere).

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

1220 mm a year at the habitat, 942 mm of it December to April. Wettest month January at 245 mm, driest September at 21 mm. Across the envelope cells the year's total runs 806 mm to 2248 mm (10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year) (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; habitat calendar, southern hemisphere).

CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the envelope cells. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light Open sky over the habitat: 30 to 43 mol/m²/day.

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Open sky over the habitat: 30 to 43 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 22, the highest 90th-percentile month 46).

CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Warmth and air Cold floor 12 °C (archetype minimum for a tropical foliage plant, above the 11.4 °C habitat night).

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell is 11.4 °C, the absolute minimum 7.2 °C, no frost in 44 years (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 41.8 °C. Monthly means: coldest night 18.1 °C in July (across the envelope cells 10.8 °C to 24.4 °C), warmest day 29.4 °C in December (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). Cold floor: 12 °C. The habitat figure, the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell (NASA POWER), is 11.4 °C; the archetype table's conventional minimum for a tropical foliage plant (grouped by the genus Ficus, which is reliably one kind of plant) is 12 °C, which is higher, and the floor rule takes the higher.

NASA POWER daily minima and maxima 1981–2024 at the typical cell, lapse-corrected to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA. The cold floor is the figure named in its sentence, and the archetype table's group minimum where that is higher. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 57 to 65% across the year (monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the envelope cells.

The figures the cards read from are in Climate below, and where they came from in Natural habitat.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat climate through the yearMean day from 27 °C in Jul to 29 °C in Dec; mean night from 18 °C in Jul to 24 °C in Jan. The cold quarter, Jun to Aug, is the three months around the coldest night. 1220 mm of rain a year, most in Jan. The bands show the 10th to 90th percentile across 1202 habitat cells. Over 44 years at the typical cell the absolute minimum was 7.2 °C and the 99th-percentile day 41.8 °C; neither is dated to a month. Beneath: daily light integral and relative humidity through the year, each on its own scale.10°20°30°40°50°41.8° 99th-percentile day (undated)7.2° lowest night in 44 yrs (undated)°C · day and nightcold quarter0100200300400500mm rainDLI 30–43RH 57–65 %JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain 10th–90th percentile across 1202 habitat cells cold quarter: the three months around the coldest night extremes over 44 years at the typical cell, marked at the edge: undated DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C29 / 19–3329 / 21–3229 / 23–3329 / 24–3328 / 22–3327 / 20–3127 / 19–3127 / 20–3228 / 23–3529 / 23–3729 / 23–3629 / 20–34
Night °C24 / 10–2624 / 12–2623 / 15–2622 / 16–2621 / 14–2519 / 12–2518 / 11–2419 / 12–2421 / 14–2422 / 15–2523 / 14–2624 / 11–27
Rain mm245 / 20–413244 / 28–404186 / 44–33897 / 31–23341 / 9–21835 / 1–22225 / 2–25822 / 1–24121 / 3–18147 / 16–13187 / 36–162170 / 21–285
DLI36 / 25–4235 / 28–3836 / 31–3934 / 27–3832 / 24–3630 / 22–3431 / 22–3534 / 27–3939 / 29–4343 / 28–4643 / 25–4639 / 23–44
RH %64 / 57–6865 / 57–6863 / 54–6760 / 51–6759 / 48–6758 / 47–6857 / 46–6857 / 45–6759 / 48–6659 / 50–6560 / 52–6562 / 56–66

Each figure is the median across the 1202 grid cells holding the 1468 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. Extremes and elevation were read at the typical cell 2066:6283 (-13.325, 134.175). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum 7.2 °C, 1st-percentile night 11.4 °C, 99th-percentile day 41.8 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Envelope: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 1202 distinct grid cells holding the 1468 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 2066:6283 (its coldest month's mean night nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell -13.50_134.375, lapse-corrected +5 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 154 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across every in-range record's cell, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeChina South-Central, Hainan, China North-Central, China Southeast, Tibet, Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Andaman Is., Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Maluku, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea, Solomon Is., New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Caroline Is.· introduced: Pakistan
Kew's description“tree” · “wet tropical”· quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Map marker-12.514, 132.902 · in the densest population, 506 records (33% of those in range)
Evidence usedThe map marker and the climate envelope rest on all 1516 georeferenced records inside the native range; the map shows only the 1282 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 1 km away. 25 records outside the range (gardens, roadsides, misidentifications) ignored. 48 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km and stay on the map but off the climate.
The map markerthe map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 4° block of the 1516 in-range records; it decides nothing.

Photographs

Ficus virensFicus virensFicus virensFicus virensFicus virensFicus virensFicus virensFicus virens

Photographs: Mark Clarke, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIF (5); Ashwin Srinivasan, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIF (3).

Photographs: iNaturalist did not answer when this page was built; what is shown came from the sources that did.

Papers naming this species

Works whose title or abstract names Ficus virens, most cited first, from OpenAlex (CC0). A mention, not a cultivation source: nothing on this page is drawn from them.

Bioactivity guided fractionation and hypolipidemic property of a novel HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor from Ficus virens Ait
Danish Iqbal, M. Salman Khan, Mohd Sajid Khan, Mohd Sajid Khan (2015) · Lipids in Health and Disease
Optimization of extraction of phenolics from leaves of Ficus virens
Xiao-xin Chen, Xiao-Bing Wu, Wei‐Ming Chai, Hui-ling Feng (2013) · Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B
Leaf Abundance Affects Tree Height Estimation Derived from UAV Images
Hongyu Huang, Shaodong He, Chongcheng Chen (2019) · Forests
Electrochemical behavior of aluminium in acidic media
Tapan Kumar Jain, Ramesh Chowdhary, S. P. Mathur (2006) · Materials and Corrosion
Enhanced antibacterial activity of streptomycin against some human pathogens using green synthesized silver nanoparticles
Raj Kumar Salar, Pooja Sharma, Naresh Kumar (2015) · Resource-Efficient Technologies

Similar habitat climate the 6 species whose habitat climate is nearest this one's: mean day and night, month by month, and rain on a log scale, in calendar order, so a habitat with the same seasons six months out is far, not near. Nothing else counts: not range, not family.

Other Ficus 18 in the reference

History & registers

Where this page came from built 2026-09-20 · dossier v2 · node
gbif.species answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
gbif.synonyms answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
gbif.vernacular answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
wcvp.distribution answered
gbif.occurrences answeredGBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.3h4zam
climate answered
wikidata answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
wikipedia answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19; this build: skipped
inat.taxon not asked
inat.photos.wild not askedcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: not asked: 22 wild photographs already from the GBIF download
inat.photos.cultivated nothing to reportcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: filled 2026-09-20
commons nothing to reportcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
gbif.media answered
openalex answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19; this build: skipped

Every upstream is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, or refused. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 67 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.