Fraxinus excelsior L.
Ash, Common Ash, European ash, European ash
Every figure on this page is derived from public data by a stated rule and says its source; nothing here is written by a person or a model, except the Wikipedia passage, which is quoted and marked as such. How it is made.
Summary
Fraxinus excelsior, known as the ash, or European ash or common ash to distinguish it from other types of ash, is a flowering plant species in the olive family Oleaceae. It is native throughout mainland Europe east to the Caucasus and Alborz mountains, and west to Great Britain and Ireland, the latter determining its western boundary. The northernmost location is in the Trondheimsfjord region of Norway. The species is widely cultivated and reportedly naturalised in New Zealand and in scattered locales in the United States and Canada. More on Wikipedia ›
The opening of Wikipedia, “Fraxinus excelsior”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written. Kept separate from everything derived here.
About the genus · Fraxinus
Fraxinus, commonly called ash, is a genus of plants in the olive and lilac family, Oleaceae, and comprises 45–65 species of usually medium-to-large trees, most of which are deciduous, although some subtropical species are evergreen. The genus is widespread throughout much of Europe, Asia, and North America.
Text from Wikipedia, “Fraxinus”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written.
At a glance
Also known as Fraxinus excelsior f. aureopendula Rehder; Fraxinus excelsior f. aureopunctata Beissn.; Fraxinus excelsior f. paniculata Beissn.; Fraxinus excelsior var. communis Aiton; Fraxinus excelsior var. emarginata Cariot, 1879 and 8 more.
Cultivation
Its year Rain rule: no season, 70% of the rain takes 8 months (June to January in the northern hemisphere).
This species’ habitat figures, and what two fixed rules read from them.
The rain rule reads no season: 70% of the year's rain (639 mm of 884 mm) takes 8 months, June to January. Mean temperature moves 15.7 °C between the warmest and coldest month. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: December to July.
Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the envelope cells: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve gives a season to reverse. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.
Rain Habitat rain 884 mm a year, wettest October at 85 mm, driest April at 52 mm (habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).
This species’ habitat figures, with their source.
884 mm a year at the habitat, 639 mm of it June to January. Wettest month October at 85 mm, driest April at 52 mm. Across the envelope cells the year's total runs 633 mm to 1362 mm (10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year) (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).
CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the envelope cells. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.
Light Open sky over the habitat: 4 to 35 mol/m²/day.
This species’ habitat figures, with their source.
Open sky over the habitat: 4 to 35 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 1, the highest 90th-percentile month 38).
CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.
Warmth and air Cold floor -7.2 °C (1st-percentile habitat night, NASA POWER).
This species’ habitat figures, with their source.
Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell is -7.2 °C, the absolute minimum -15.1 °C, about 57 frost nights a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 24.6 °C. Monthly means: coldest night -0.7 °C in February (across the envelope cells -5.9 °C to 2.0 °C), warmest day 21.2 °C in July (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). Cold floor: -7.2 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell (NASA POWER).
NASA POWER daily minima and maxima 1981–2024 at the typical cell, lapse-corrected to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA. The cold floor is the figure named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.
Relative humidity at the habitat: 60 to 68% across the year (monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.
CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the envelope cells.
The figures the cards read from are in Climate below, and where they came from in Natural habitat.
Climate across the habitat
Figures by month
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day °C | 4 / -1–7 | 5 / -0–7 | 9 / 3–10 | 12 / 8–14 | 16 / 13–18 | 19 / 16–21 | 21 / 18–24 | 21 / 18–23 | 18 / 15–20 | 14 / 9–15 | 8 / 4–10 | 5 / 0–7 |
| Night °C | -1 / -6–2 | -1 / -6–2 | 2 / -3–4 | 4 / 1–6 | 8 / 6–9 | 11 / 9–13 | 14 / 12–15 | 14 / 11–15 | 11 / 8–13 | 7 / 4–9 | 3 / -1–6 | 0 / -5–3 |
| Rain mm | 76 / 43–117 | 59 / 35–91 | 68 / 42–106 | 52 / 36–93 | 66 / 49–116 | 73 / 54–120 | 81 / 56–126 | 81 / 60–132 | 79 / 56–119 | 85 / 58–138 | 83 / 56–130 | 81 / 53–127 |
| DLI | 5 / 3–9 | 10 / 7–15 | 17 / 15–22 | 27 / 25–30 | 33 / 32–36 | 35 / 33–38 | 34 / 31–37 | 28 / 26–31 | 19 / 17–24 | 11 / 8–16 | 6 / 3–10 | 4 / 1–7 |
| RH % | 67 / 63–70 | 65 / 61–68 | 63 / 59–65 | 60 / 58–63 | 60 / 57–62 | 60 / 58–63 | 61 / 58–64 | 61 / 59–64 | 63 / 61–65 | 65 / 63–67 | 67 / 64–70 | 68 / 64–71 |
Each figure is the median across the 609 grid cells holding the 748 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. Extremes and elevation were read at the typical cell 693:3815 (55.325, 10.775). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -15.1 °C, 1st-percentile night -7.2 °C, 99th-percentile day 24.6 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Envelope: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 609 distinct grid cells holding the 748 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 693:3815 (its coldest month's mean night nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 55.50_10.625, lapse-corrected +1 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 15 m (cell mean).
Natural habitat
Photographs
Photographs: (c) Mary E. Macaulay, P.Eng., some rights reserved (CC BY) (3); no rights reserved · CC0; (c) Jan Sheppard, some rights reserved (CC BY) (3); (c) Alex Press, some rights reserved (CC BY).
Photographs: iNaturalist and GBIF media did not answer when this page was built; what is shown came from the sources that did.
Papers naming this species
Works whose title or abstract names Fraxinus excelsior, most cited first, from OpenAlex (CC0). A mention, not a cultivation source: nothing on this page is drawn from them.
Related
Similar habitat climate the 6 species whose habitat climate is nearest this one's: mean day and night, month by month, and rain on a log scale, in calendar order, so a habitat with the same seasons six months out is far, not near. Nothing else counts: not range, not family.
Rosa rubiginosa Eglantine
Filipendula ulmaria European Meadowsweet
Sorbus aucuparia European mountain ash
Achillea ptarmica Sneezeweed
Drosera rotundifolia Common Sundew
Calluna vulgaris Common HeatherOther Fraxinus 9 in the reference
Fraxinus americana American ash
Fraxinus angustifolia Algerian Ash
Fraxinus berlandieriana Berlandier ash
Fraxinus griffithii Evergreen tropical ash
Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash
Fraxinus ornus Manna Ash
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash, Red ash
Fraxinus uhdei Shamel ash
Fraxinus velutina Arizon ash History & registers
Where this page came from built 2026-09-20 · dossier v2 · node
gbif.species answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)gbif.synonyms answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)gbif.vernacular answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)wcvp.distribution answeredgbif.occurrences answeredGBIF occurrence search APIclimate answeredwikidata answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)wikipedia answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skippedinat.taxon not askedcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive)inat.photos.wild answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skippedinat.photos.cultivated nothing to reportcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)commons nothing to reportcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)gbif.media did not answercarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: api.gbif.org not asked: offline re-derivationopenalex answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skippedEvery upstream is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, or refused. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 14 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.