Species
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Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All.

Common Solomon's Seal, Eurasian Solomon's seal, Eurasian Solomon's-seal, Kwětkata kokorička

Climate known 47 photographs
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Every figure on this page is derived from public data by a stated rule and says its source; nothing here is written by a person or a model, except the Wikipedia passage, which is quoted and marked as such. How it is made.

Summary

Polygonatum multiflorum, the Solomon's seal, David's harp, ladder-to-heaven or Eurasian Solomon's seal, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, native to Europe and temperate Asia. In Britain it is one of three native species of the genus, the others being P. odoratum and P. verticillatum.

Text from Wikipedia, “Polygonatum multiflorum”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written. Kept separate from everything derived here.

About the genus · Polygonatum

Polygonatum, also known as King Solomon's-seal, Solomon's seal, or sealwort, is a genus of flowering plants. In the APG III classification system, it is placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Convallarioideae. It has also been classified in the former family Convallariaceae and, like many lilioid monocots, was formerly classified in the lily family, Liliaceae. More on Wikipedia ›

The opening of Wikipedia, “Polygonatum”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written.

Family
Asparagaceae
Described by
(L.) All.
Native to
Denmark, Finland, Great Britain +32
Wild records
512 in range· 80 open

At a glance

Warmest month
22°C
Jul, mean day; nights 14 °C (CHELSA)
Rain
892mm/yr
12 wet months · peak Jul 84 mm (CHELSA)
Light
4–33DLI
mol/m²/day, winter to summer, open sky (CHELSA shortwave)
In short condensed by rule from the cultivation cards · not written by a person
Rain rule: no season, 70% of the rain takes 8 months (June to January in the northern hemisphere). Habitat rain 892 mm a year, wettest July at 84 mm, driest April at 49 mm (habitat calendar, northern hemisphere). Open sky over the habitat: 4 to 33 mol/m²/day. Cold floor -9.0 °C (1st-percentile habitat night, NASA POWER).
Each sentence is one card's own one-line form, written by the same rule as the card (Its year, Rain, Light, Temperature); the note cannot say what a card does not. Months are given for the northern hemisphere (set your site in Settings to change this), and the habitat's own alongside. The cards · the figures.

Also known as Convallaria ambigua Schrank; Convallaria bracteata B.Thomas; Convallaria bracteata E.Thomas; Convallaria bracteata E.Thomas ex Gaudin; Convallaria broteroi Guss. and 29 more.

Cultivation

Its year Rain rule: no season, 70% of the rain takes 8 months (June to January in the northern hemisphere).

This species’ habitat figures, and what two fixed rules read from them.

The rain rule reads no season: 70% of the year's rain (642 mm of 892 mm) takes 8 months, June to January. Mean temperature moves 15.6 °C between the warmest and coldest month. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: December to July.

Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the envelope cells: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve gives a season to reverse. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain Habitat rain 892 mm a year, wettest July at 84 mm, driest April at 49 mm (habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

892 mm a year at the habitat, 642 mm of it June to January. Wettest month July at 84 mm, driest April at 49 mm. Across the envelope cells the year's total runs 815 mm to 1392 mm (10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year) (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).

CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the envelope cells. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light Open sky over the habitat: 4 to 33 mol/m²/day.

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Open sky over the habitat: 4 to 33 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 3, the highest 90th-percentile month 38).

CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Warmth and air Cold floor -9.0 °C (1st-percentile habitat night, NASA POWER).

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell is -9.0 °C, the absolute minimum -18.1 °C, about 60 frost nights a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 28.2 °C. Monthly means: coldest night 0.1 °C in January (across the envelope cells -4.1 °C to 1.1 °C), warmest day 22.1 °C in July (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). Cold floor: -9.0 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell (NASA POWER).

NASA POWER daily minima and maxima 1981–2024 at the typical cell, lapse-corrected to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA. The cold floor is the figure named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 60 to 69% across the year (monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the envelope cells.

The figures the cards read from are in Climate below, and where they came from in Natural habitat.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat climate through the yearMean day from 5 °C in Jan to 22 °C in Jul; mean night from 0 °C in Jan to 14 °C in Jul. The cold quarter, Dec to Feb, is the three months around the coldest night. 892 mm of rain a year, most in Jul. The bands show the 10th to 90th percentile across 474 habitat cells. Over 44 years at the typical cell the absolute minimum was -18.1 °C and the 99th-percentile day 28.2 °C; neither is dated to a month. Beneath: daily light integral and relative humidity through the year, each on its own scale.-20°-10°10°20°30°frost28.2° 99th-percentile day (undated)-18.1° lowest night in 44 yrs (undated)°C · day and nightcold quarter0255075100125150mm rainDLI 4–33RH 60–69 %JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain 10th–90th percentile across 474 habitat cells cold quarter: the three months around the coldest night extremes over 44 years at the typical cell, marked at the edge: undated DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C5 / 3–66 / 5–89 / 8–1113 / 12–1517 / 16–1920 / 19–2222 / 21–2522 / 21–2518 / 18–2014 / 13–169 / 7–105 / 3–7
Night °C0 / -4–10 / -3–12 / 0–35 / 4–69 / 8–1011 / 11–1314 / 13–1614 / 13–1611 / 10–138 / 6–94 / 1–51 / -2–2
Rain mm79 / 55–9061 / 49–7872 / 59–9649 / 45–10468 / 63–13077 / 69–13784 / 70–12878 / 68–13578 / 68–12983 / 72–11681 / 70–10982 / 69–107
DLI5 / 5–1010 / 9–1517 / 16–2427 / 26–3032 / 32–3533 / 33–3833 / 32–3828 / 27–3319 / 18–2512 / 11–166 / 5–104 / 3–8
RH %68 / 62–6965 / 61–6663 / 59–6460 / 58–6160 / 58–6160 / 58–6260 / 57–6261 / 58–6263 / 60–6465 / 63–6668 / 64–6969 / 63–70

Each figure is the median across the 474 grid cells holding the 508 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. Extremes and elevation were read at the typical cell 745:3729 (52.725, 6.475). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -18.1 °C, 1st-percentile night -9.0 °C, 99th-percentile day 28.2 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Envelope: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 474 distinct grid cells holding the 508 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 745:3729 (its coldest month's mean night nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 52.50_6.250, lapse-corrected +1 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 11 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across every in-range record's cell, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeDenmark, Finland, Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland, France, Spain, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Romania, Sicilia, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia, Belarus, Baltic States, Krym, Central European Russia, East European Russia, South European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Ukraine, North Caucasus, Transcaucasus, Iran, Turkey· introduced: Ireland, Ontario, Québec
Kew's description“rhizomatous geophyte” · “temperate”· quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Map marker51.282, 6.377 · in the densest population, 259 records (51% of those in range)
Evidence usedThe map marker and the climate envelope rest on all 512 georeferenced records inside the native range; the map shows only the 80 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 602 km away. 3 records outside the range (gardens, roadsides, misidentifications) ignored. 4 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km and stay on the map but off the climate.
The map markerthe map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 512 in-range records; it decides nothing.

Photographs

Polygonatum multiflorumPolygonatum multiflorumPolygonatum multiflorumPolygonatum multiflorumPolygonatum multiflorumPolygonatum multiflorumPolygonatum multiflorumPolygonatum multiflorum

Photographs: (c) Oriol Sastre, some rights reserved (CC BY) (4); (c) Daniel Cahen, some rights reserved (CC BY) (4).

Photographs: iNaturalist and GBIF media did not answer when this page was built; what is shown came from the sources that did.

Papers naming this species

Works whose title or abstract names Polygonatum multiflorum, most cited first, from OpenAlex (CC0). A mention, not a cultivation source: nothing on this page is drawn from them.

Total phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of some medicinal plants.
Memnune Şengül, Hilal Yıldız, Neva Gungor, Bülent Çeti̇n (2009) · PubMed
Migration of herbaceous plant species across ancient–recent forest ecotones in central Belgium
Beatrijs Bossuyt, Martin Hermy, Jozef Deckers (1999) · Journal of Ecology
Antibacterial and fungicidal activities of ethanol extracts of 38 species of plants
V. V. Zazharskyi, P. О. Davydenko, О. М. Кулішенко, І. В. Боровик (2020) · Biosystems Diversity
Characterization and molecular cloning of two different type 2 ribosome‐inactivating proteins from the monocotyledonous plant Polygonatum multiflorum
Els J. M. Van Damme, Qiang Hao, Diana Charels, Annick Barre (2000) · European Journal of Biochemistry
C-galactosylflavones from Polygonatum multiflorum
Jean Chopin, G. Dellamonica, Elisabeth Besson, L Skrzypczakowa (1977) · Phytochemistry
Molecular cloning of the lectin and a lectin-related protein from common Solomon's seal (Polygonatum multiflorum)
Els J. M. Van Damme, Annick Barre, Pierre Rougé, Fred Van Leuven (1996) · Plant Molecular Biology
Ameliorating effect of emodin, a constitute of Polygonatum multiflorum, on cycloheximide-induced impairment of memory consolidation in rats
Ming-Chin Lu, Ming‐Tsuen Hsieh, Chi‐Rei Wu, Hao‐Yuan Cheng (2007) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Pollinator movement activity influences genetic diversity and differentiation of spatially isolated populations of clonal forest herbs
Jannis Till Feigs, Stephanie I. J. Holzhauer, Siyu Huang, Jörg Brunet (2022) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
Plant selection for roadside rain gardens in cold climates using real-scale studies of thirty-one herbaceous perennials
Kirstine Laukli, Hilde Vinje, Trond Knapp Haraldsen, Eva Vike (2022) · Urban forestry & urban greening

Similar habitat climate the 6 species whose habitat climate is nearest this one's: mean day and night, month by month, and rain on a log scale, in calendar order, so a habitat with the same seasons six months out is far, not near. Nothing else counts: not range, not family.

Other Polygonatum 2 in the reference

History & registers

Where this page came from built 2026-09-20 · dossier v2 · node
gbif.species answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
gbif.synonyms answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
gbif.vernacular answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
wcvp.distribution answered
gbif.occurrences answeredGBIF occurrence search API
climate answered
wikidata answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
wikipedia answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skipped
inat.taxon not askedcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive)
inat.photos.wild answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skipped
inat.photos.cultivated nothing to reportcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
commons nothing to reportcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
gbif.media did not answercarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: api.gbif.org not asked: offline re-derivation
openalex answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skipped

Every upstream is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, or refused. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 8 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.