Species
+

Campanula portenschlagiana Schult.

Adria Bellflower, Adria Bellflower (EN), Dalmatian bellflower, Dalmatinische Glockenblume (DE)

Climate known 81 photographs
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Every figure on this page is derived from public data by a stated rule and says its source; nothing here is written by a person or a model, except the Wikipedia passage, which is quoted and marked as such. How it is made.

Summary

Campanula portenschlagiana, the wall bellflower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Campanulaceae, native to the Dalmatian Mountains in Croatia. It is a vigorous, low-growing, mound-forming evergreen perennial with deep purple flowers in summer. Other common names include Dalmatian bellflower, Adria bellflower and Campanula muralis.

Text from Wikipedia, “Campanula portenschlagiana”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written. Kept separate from everything derived here.

About the genus · Campanula

Campanula is the type genus of the Campanulaceae family of flowering plants. Campanula are commonly known as bellflowers and take both their common and scientific names from the bell-shaped flowers—campanula is Latin for "little bell".

Text from Wikipedia, “Campanula”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written.

Family
Campanulaceae
Described by
Schult.
Native to
Yugoslavia
Wild records
11 in range· 4 open

At a glance

Warmest month
26°C
Jul, mean day; nights 20 °C (CHELSA)
Rain
1236mm/yr
12 wet months · peak Nov 178 mm (CHELSA)
Light
10–44DLI
mol/m²/day, winter to summer, open sky (CHELSA shortwave)
In short condensed by rule from the cultivation cards · not written by a person
Rain rule: a winter growing season, October to April in the northern hemisphere (October to April at the habitat, northern). Habitat rain 1236 mm a year, wettest November at 178 mm, driest July at 38 mm (habitat calendar, northern hemisphere). Open sky over the habitat: 10 to 44 mol/m²/day. Cold floor -5.8 °C (1st-percentile habitat night, NASA POWER).
Each sentence is one card's own one-line form, written by the same rule as the card (Its year, Rain, Light, Temperature); the note cannot say what a card does not. Months are given for the northern hemisphere (set your site in Settings to change this), and the habitat's own alongside. The cards · the figures.

Also known as Campanula affinis Rchb.; Campanula affinis Rchb. ex Nyman; Campanula muralis Port.; Campanula muralis Port. ex A.DC.; Campanula portenschlagiana f. grandiflora Soljan and 3 more.

Cultivation

Its year Rain rule: a winter growing season, October to April in the northern hemisphere (October to April at the habitat, northern).

This species’ habitat figures, and what two fixed rules read from them.

The rain rule reads a winter growing season: 70% of the year's rain (882 mm of 1236 mm) falls in October to April, cooler than the year (wet-season mean 9.6 °C against a yearly mean of 14.5 °C). Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: April to October.

Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the envelope cells: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve gives a season to reverse. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain Habitat rain 1236 mm a year, wettest November at 178 mm, driest July at 38 mm (habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

1236 mm a year at the habitat, 882 mm of it October to April. Wettest month November at 178 mm, driest July at 38 mm. Across the envelope cells the year's total runs 970 mm to 1659 mm (10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year) (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).

CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the envelope cells. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light Open sky over the habitat: 10 to 44 mol/m²/day.

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Open sky over the habitat: 10 to 44 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 8, the highest 90th-percentile month 45).

CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Warmth and air Cold floor -5.8 °C (1st-percentile habitat night, NASA POWER).

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell is -5.8 °C, the absolute minimum -14.4 °C, about 27 frost nights a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 36.5 °C. Monthly means: coldest night 2.3 °C in January (across the envelope cells 0.0 °C to 5.2 °C), warmest day 26.2 °C in July (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). Cold floor: -5.8 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell (NASA POWER).

NASA POWER daily minima and maxima 1981–2024 at the typical cell, lapse-corrected to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA. The cold floor is the figure named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 55 to 59% across the year (monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the envelope cells.

The figures the cards read from are in Climate below, and where they came from in Natural habitat.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat climate through the yearMean day from 8 °C in Jan to 26 °C in Jul; mean night from 2 °C in Jan to 20 °C in Aug. The cold quarter, Dec to Feb, is the three months around the coldest night. 1236 mm of rain a year, most in Nov. The bands show the 10th to 90th percentile across 7 habitat cells. Over 44 years at the typical cell the absolute minimum was -14.4 °C and the 99th-percentile day 36.5 °C; neither is dated to a month. Beneath: daily light integral and relative humidity through the year, each on its own scale.-20°-10°10°20°30°40°frost36.5° 99th-percentile day (undated)-14.4° lowest night in 44 yrs (undated)°C · day and nightcold quarter050100150200250mm rainDLI 10–44RH 55–59 %JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain 10th–90th percentile across 7 habitat cells cold quarter: the three months around the coldest night extremes over 44 years at the typical cell, marked at the edge: undated DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C8 / 6–109 / 6–1011 / 9–1215 / 12–1519 / 17–2023 / 21–2326 / 24–2626 / 24–2622 / 20–2318 / 16–1913 / 10–149 / 7–11
Night °C2 / 0–52 / -0–56 / 2–89 / 6–1114 / 10–1517 / 14–1920 / 16–2120 / 16–2216 / 13–1812 / 9–148 / 5–104 / 1–7
Rain mm112 / 88–138103 / 81–128108 / 84–134101 / 79–12783 / 61–11773 / 55–10238 / 26–5559 / 47–89101 / 82–164121 / 95–183178 / 141–221159 / 127–199
DLI12 / 10–1518 / 16–2126 / 24–2834 / 32–3540 / 38–4143 / 42–4444 / 42–4539 / 37–4130 / 27–3220 / 18–2213 / 11–1510 / 8–12
RH %58 / 57–6057 / 56–5858 / 57–5958 / 57–6058 / 56–6058 / 55–5955 / 52–5756 / 53–5858 / 56–5959 / 58–6159 / 59–6159 / 58–60

Each figure is the median across the 7 grid cells holding the 10 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. Extremes and elevation were read at the typical cell 931:3937 (43.425, 16.875). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -14.4 °C, 1st-percentile night -5.8 °C, 99th-percentile day 36.5 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Envelope: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 7 distinct grid cells holding the 10 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 931:3937 (its coldest month's mean night nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 43.50_16.875, lapse-corrected -304 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 235 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across every in-range record's cell, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeYugoslavia· introduced: Great Britain, Ireland, Austria, Belgium, Germany, France, Spain, Italy
Kew's description“perennial or subshrub” · “temperate”· quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Map marker43.325, 17.038 · in the densest population, 10 records (91% of those in range)
Evidence usedThe map marker and the climate envelope rest on all 11 georeferenced records inside the native range; the map shows only the 4 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker in the same place. 1378 records outside the range (gardens, roadsides, misidentifications) ignored. Under a dozen records: treat the map and the climate as indicative. 1 in-range record is placed to worse than 10 km and stays on the map but off the climate.
The map markerthe map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 11 in-range records; it decides nothing.

Photographs

Campanula portenschlagianaCampanula portenschlagianaCampanula portenschlagianaCampanula portenschlagianaCampanula portenschlagianaCampanula portenschlagianaCampanula portenschlagianaCampanula portenschlagiana

Photographs: (c) Christian Berg, some rights reserved (CC BY) (6); (c) Jonathan Prior, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) carnifex, some rights reserved (CC BY).

Photographs: iNaturalist and Wikimedia Commons did not answer when this page was built; what is shown came from the sources that did.

Papers naming this species

Works whose title or abstract names Campanula portenschlagiana, most cited first, from OpenAlex (CC0). A mention, not a cultivation source: nothing on this page is drawn from them.

Timing growth and development of Campanula by daily light integral and supplemental light level in a cost-efficient light control system
Katrine Heinsvig Kjær, Carl‐Otto Ottosen, Bo Nørregaard Jôrgensen (2012) · Scientia Horticulturae
Cost-efficient light control for production of two campanula species
Katrine Heinsvig Kjær, Carl‐Otto Ottosen, Bo Nørregaard Jôrgensen (2011) · Scientia Horticulturae
Hormone–Flavonoid Patterns in Two Genotypes of Campanula portenschlagiana with Distinct Adventitious Rooting Competence
Tábata Bergonci, Inge S. Fomsgaard, Katrine Heinsvig Kjær, Ivan A. Paponov (2023) · Horticulturae
Inventory of the urban flora of Budapest (Hungary) highlighting new and noteworthy floristic records
Attila Rigó, Ákos Malatinszky, Zoltán Barina (2023) · Biodiversity Data Journal
CRISPR /Cas9‐mediated mutation of Eil1 transcription factor genes affects exogenous ethylene tolerance and early flower senescence in Campanula portenschlagiana
Inger Holme, Christina Rønn Ingvardsen, Giuseppe Dionisio, Dagmara Podzimska‐Sroka (2023) · Plant Biotechnology Journal
Campanula portenschlagiana Roem . et Schult .: Chemical and Antimicrobial Activities
Olivera Politeo, Mirjana Skočibušić, Franko Burčul, Ana Maravić (2013) · Chemistry & Biodiversity
Display Complexity Affects Visual Processing of Horticultural Plant Retail Displays
Bridget K. Behe, Aaron J. Staples, Patricia Huddleston, Trey Malone (2022) · Journal of Environmental Horticulture

Similar habitat climate the 6 species whose habitat climate is nearest this one's: mean day and night, month by month, and rain on a log scale, in calendar order, so a habitat with the same seasons six months out is far, not near. Nothing else counts: not range, not family.

Other Campanula 6 in the reference

History & registers

Where this page came from built 2026-09-20 · dossier v2 · node
gbif.species answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
gbif.synonyms answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
gbif.vernacular answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
wcvp.distribution answered
gbif.occurrences answeredGBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.3h4zam
climate answered
wikidata answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
wikipedia answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skipped
inat.taxon not askedcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive)
inat.photos.wild answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skipped
inat.photos.cultivated nothing to reportcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
commons not askedcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
gbif.media answered
openalex answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skipped

Every upstream is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, or refused. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 56 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.