Euphorbia amygdaloides L.
Wood Spurge
Every figure on this page is derived from public data by a stated rule and says its source; nothing here is written by a person or a model, except the Wikipedia passage, which is quoted and marked as such. How it is made.
Summary
Euphorbia amygdaloides, the wood spurge, is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae, native to woodland locations in Europe, Turkey and the Caucasus. It is a bushy evergreen perennial, growing to a height of 80 cm (31 in), with dark green slightly hairy leaves about 6 cm (2 in) long. The complex green-yellow inflorescence (cyathium), typical of Euphorbia, appears in late spring and early summer.
Text from Wikipedia, “Euphorbia amygdaloides”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written. Kept separate from everything derived here.
About the genus · Euphorbia
Euphorbia is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, commonly called spurge, in the family Euphorbiaceae.
Text from Wikipedia, “Euphorbia”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written.
At a glance
Also known as Characias amygdaloides (L.) Gray; Esula amygdaloides (L.) Haw.; Euphorbia nemoralis Salisb.; Tithymalus amygdaloides (L.) Garsault; Tithymalus amygdaloides (L.) Hill, 1768.
Cultivation
Grouped as a cactus or succulent by the genus Euphorbia, which is reliably one kind of plant (archetype table). The table holds no figure for this group, which spans too much for one minimum; the cold floor is the habitat's alone, and no prose comes from the table.
Its year Rain rule: no season, 70% of the rain takes 8 months (May to December in the northern hemisphere).
This species’ habitat figures, and what two fixed rules read from them.
The rain rule reads no season: 70% of the year's rain (672 mm of 937 mm) takes 8 months, May to December. Mean temperature moves 17.6 °C between the warmest and coldest month. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: November to June.
Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the envelope cells: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve gives a season to reverse. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.
Rain Habitat rain 937 mm a year, wettest October at 90 mm, driest February at 58 mm (habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).
This species’ habitat figures, with their source.
937 mm a year at the habitat, 672 mm of it May to December. Wettest month October at 90 mm, driest February at 58 mm. Across the envelope cells the year's total runs 663 mm to 1613 mm (10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year) (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).
CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the envelope cells. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.
Light Open sky over the habitat: 7 to 36 mol/m²/day.
This species’ habitat figures, with their source.
Open sky over the habitat: 7 to 36 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 4, the highest 90th-percentile month 43).
CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.
Warmth and air Cold floor -7.0 °C (1st-percentile habitat night, NASA POWER).
This species’ habitat figures, with their source.
Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell is -7.0 °C, the absolute minimum -20.8 °C, about 48 frost nights a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 33.5 °C. Monthly means: coldest night -2.0 °C in January (across the envelope cells -6.5 °C to 2.8 °C), warmest day 23.1 °C in July (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). Cold floor: -7.0 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell (NASA POWER).
NASA POWER daily minima and maxima 1981–2024 at the typical cell, lapse-corrected to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA. The cold floor is the figure named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.
Relative humidity at the habitat: 59 to 66% across the year (monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.
CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the envelope cells.
The figures the cards read from are in Climate below, and where they came from in Natural habitat.
Climate across the habitat
Figures by month
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day °C | 5 / 1–9 | 6 / 3–10 | 10 / 7–13 | 13 / 11–16 | 18 / 15–20 | 21 / 18–24 | 23 / 20–27 | 23 / 20–26 | 19 / 17–22 | 15 / 12–18 | 9 / 6–13 | 5 / 1–9 |
| Night °C | -2 / -7–3 | -2 / -6–3 | 1 / -2–5 | 4 / 2–7 | 9 / 6–11 | 12 / 10–14 | 14 / 12–17 | 14 / 12–17 | 11 / 8–14 | 7 / 4–10 | 3 / -1–6 | -1 / -5–4 |
| Rain mm | 72 / 36–122 | 58 / 37–103 | 66 / 44–122 | 69 / 48–124 | 86 / 60–141 | 85 / 50–153 | 78 / 42–146 | 79 / 47–151 | 86 / 56–145 | 90 / 49–160 | 83 / 53–155 | 85 / 50–145 |
| DLI | 8 / 5–11 | 14 / 10–17 | 21 / 17–25 | 30 / 27–33 | 34 / 32–38 | 36 / 33–42 | 36 / 32–43 | 31 / 28–37 | 23 / 19–28 | 15 / 12–18 | 9 / 6–12 | 7 / 4–9 |
| RH % | 65 / 60–69 | 63 / 59–66 | 61 / 58–64 | 59 / 57–62 | 60 / 57–62 | 60 / 57–63 | 59 / 56–63 | 60 / 56–63 | 62 / 59–65 | 64 / 61–66 | 66 / 62–69 | 66 / 61–70 |
Each figure is the median across the 588 grid cells holding the 791 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. Extremes and elevation were read at the typical cell 894:3710 (45.275, 5.525). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -20.8 °C, 1st-percentile night -7.0 °C, 99th-percentile day 33.5 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Envelope: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 588 distinct grid cells holding the 791 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 894:3710 (its coldest month's mean night nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 45.50_5.625, lapse-corrected -343 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 263 m (cell mean).
Natural habitat
Photographs
Photographs: (c) Nelson Chu Pavlosky, some rights reserved (CC BY) (5); (c) Conrad Altmann, some rights reserved (CC BY) (3).
Photographs: iNaturalist and GBIF media did not answer when this page was built; what is shown came from the sources that did.
Papers naming this species
Works whose title or abstract names Euphorbia amygdaloides, most cited first, from OpenAlex (CC0). A mention, not a cultivation source: nothing on this page is drawn from them.
Related
Similar habitat climate the 6 species whose habitat climate is nearest this one's: mean day and night, month by month, and rain on a log scale, in calendar order, so a habitat with the same seasons six months out is far, not near. Nothing else counts: not range, not family.
Scilla bifolia Alpine Squill
Eranthis hyemalis Choirboys
Anemone nemorosa European thimbleweed
Geranium sanguineum Bloody Crane's-bill
Viburnum lantana Wayfaring Tree
Cornus mas Cornejo MachoOther Euphorbia 29 in the reference
Euphorbia antisyphilitica candelilla
Euphorbia bracteata Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia characias Albanian spurge
Euphorbia corollata American spurge
Euphorbia cotinifolia Caribbean copperplant
Euphorbia cyparissias Cypress Spurge
Euphorbia decepta Sputnik
Euphorbia epithymoides Cushion spurge
Euphorbia geroldii Thornless Crown of Thorns
Euphorbia graminea Grassleaf Spurge
Euphorbia heterophylla Japanese poinsettia
Euphorbia ingens Cactus spurge all 30 ›History & registers
Where this page came from built 2026-09-20 · dossier v2 · node
gbif.species answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)gbif.synonyms answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)gbif.vernacular answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)wcvp.distribution answeredgbif.occurrences answeredGBIF occurrence search APIclimate answeredwikidata answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)wikipedia answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skippedinat.taxon not askedcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive)inat.photos.wild answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skippedinat.photos.cultivated nothing to reportcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)commons nothing to reportcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)gbif.media did not answercarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: api.gbif.org not asked: offline re-derivationopenalex answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skippedEvery upstream is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, or refused. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 9 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.