Species
+

Millingtonia hortensis L.fil.

Indian Cork Tree, ᨠᩣᩈᩃᩬᨦ

Climate known 53 photographs
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Every figure on this page is derived from public data by a stated rule and says its source; nothing here is written by a person or a model, except the Wikipedia passage, which is quoted and marked as such. How it is made.

Summary

Millingtonia hortensis, the tree jasmine or Indian cork tree, is the sole species in the genus Millingtonia, a tree native to South Asia and South East Asia.

Text from Wikipedia, “Millingtonia”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written. Kept separate from everything derived here.

About the genus · Millingtonia

Millingtonia hortensis, the tree jasmine or Indian cork tree, is the sole species in the genus Millingtonia, a tree native to South Asia and South East Asia.

Text from Wikipedia, “Millingtonia”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written.

Family
Bignoniaceae
Described by
L.fil.
Native to
China South-Central, Laos, Myanmar +5
Wild records
235 in range· 66 open

At a glance

Warmest month
34°C
Apr, mean day; nights 25 °C (CHELSA)
Rain
1342mm/yr
9 wet months · peak Sep 253 mm (CHELSA)
Light
29–40DLI
mol/m²/day, winter to summer, open sky (CHELSA shortwave)
In short condensed by rule from the cultivation cards · not written by a person
Rain rule: a rainy season, May and July to October in the northern hemisphere, at the year's mean temperature, so called neither winter nor summer. Habitat rain 1342 mm a year, wettest September at 253 mm, driest December at 8 mm (habitat calendar, northern hemisphere). Open sky over the habitat: 29 to 40 mol/m²/day. Cold floor 15.3 °C (1st-percentile habitat night, NASA POWER).
Each sentence is one card's own one-line form, written by the same rule as the card (Its year, Rain, Light, Temperature); the note cannot say what a card does not. Months are given for the northern hemisphere (set your site in Settings to change this), and the habitat's own alongside. The cards · the figures.

Also known as Bignonia azedarachta J.Koenig; Bignonia azedarachta K.D.Koenig & Sims; Bignonia cicutaria J.Koenig; Bignonia cicutaria J.Koenig ex Mart.; Bignonia hortensis (L.fil.) Oken and 3 more.

Cultivation

Its year Rain rule: a rainy season, May and July to October in the northern hemisphere, at the year's mean temperature, so called neither winter nor summer.

This species’ habitat figures, and what two fixed rules read from them.

The rain rule reads a rainy season with no name: 70% of the year's rain (980 mm of 1342 mm) falls in May and July to October, whose mean temperature, 27.8 °C, is within half a degree of the year's, 27.4 °C, so it is neither the cooler nor the warmer part of the year. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: January to April and November.

Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the envelope cells: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve gives a season to reverse. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain Habitat rain 1342 mm a year, wettest September at 253 mm, driest December at 8 mm (habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

1342 mm a year at the habitat, 980 mm of it May and July to October. Wettest month September at 253 mm, driest December at 8 mm. Across the envelope cells the year's total runs 1037 mm to 2113 mm (10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year) (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).

CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the envelope cells. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light Open sky over the habitat: 29 to 40 mol/m²/day.

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Open sky over the habitat: 29 to 40 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 27, the highest 90th-percentile month 41).

CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Warmth and air Cold floor 15.3 °C (1st-percentile habitat night, NASA POWER).

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell is 15.3 °C, the absolute minimum 10.1 °C, no frost in 44 years (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 40.6 °C. Monthly means: coldest night 19.8 °C in December (across the envelope cells 14.7 °C to 24.0 °C), warmest day 34.2 °C in April (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). Cold floor: 15.3 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell (NASA POWER).

NASA POWER daily minima and maxima 1981–2024 at the typical cell, lapse-corrected to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA. The cold floor is the figure named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 56 to 66% across the year (monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the envelope cells.

The figures the cards read from are in Climate below, and where they came from in Natural habitat.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat climate through the yearMean day from 28 °C in Dec to 34 °C in Apr; mean night from 20 °C in Dec to 25 °C in May. The cold quarter, Nov to Jan, is the three months around the coldest night. 1342 mm of rain a year, most in Sep. The bands show the 10th to 90th percentile across 173 habitat cells. Over 44 years at the typical cell the absolute minimum was 10.1 °C and the 99th-percentile day 40.6 °C; neither is dated to a month. Beneath: daily light integral and relative humidity through the year, each on its own scale.10°20°30°40°50°40.6° 99th-percentile day (undated)10.1° lowest night in 44 yrs (undated)°C · day and nightcold quarter0100200300400mm rainDLI 29–40RH 56–66 %JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain 10th–90th percentile across 173 habitat cells cold quarter: the three months around the coldest night extremes over 44 years at the typical cell, marked at the edge: undated DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C29 / 27–3131 / 28–3333 / 29–3534 / 29–3632 / 29–3431 / 29–3331 / 28–3230 / 28–3230 / 28–3129 / 27–3129 / 27–3128 / 25–30
Night °C20 / 15–2422 / 17–2523 / 20–2625 / 22–2725 / 23–2725 / 23–2625 / 23–2624 / 23–2624 / 22–2623 / 21–2522 / 18–2520 / 15–24
Rain mm10 / 4–3316 / 7–3742 / 17–8283 / 50–135178 / 129–251152 / 106–247161 / 109–288194 / 117–326253 / 146–344194 / 99–28251 / 28–1708 / 4–69
DLI33 / 30–3536 / 35–3840 / 38–4140 / 38–4135 / 33–3633 / 29–3432 / 28–3430 / 27–3330 / 27–3229 / 28–3030 / 27–3231 / 27–33
RH %56 / 53–6256 / 51–6257 / 49–6358 / 51–6462 / 59–6663 / 61–6763 / 61–6864 / 62–6966 / 63–6964 / 62–6860 / 57–6556 / 53–63

Each figure is the median across the 173 grid cells holding the 229 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. Extremes and elevation were read at the typical cell 1520:5719 (13.975, 105.975). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum 10.1 °C, 1st-percentile night 15.3 °C, 99th-percentile day 40.6 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Envelope: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 173 distinct grid cells holding the 229 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1520:5719 (its coldest month's mean night nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 14.00_106.250, lapse-corrected -27 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 79 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across every in-range record's cell, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeChina South-Central, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Sulawesi· introduced: Gulf States, Bangladesh, India, Andaman Is., Cambodia, Trinidad-Tobago
Kew's description“tree” · “wet tropical”· quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Map marker13.738, 100.565 · in the densest population, 98 records (42% of those in range)
Evidence usedThe map marker and the climate envelope rest on all 235 georeferenced records inside the native range; the map shows only the 66 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 2 km away. 456 records outside the range (gardens, roadsides, misidentifications) ignored. 6 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km and stay on the map but off the climate.
The map markerthe map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 235 in-range records; it decides nothing.

Photographs

Millingtonia hortensisMillingtonia hortensisMillingtonia hortensisMillingtonia hortensisMillingtonia hortensisMillingtonia hortensisMillingtonia hortensisMillingtonia hortensis

Photographs: (c) Caleb Catto, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) renjus box, some rights reserved (CC BY) (2); (c) Raja Sekhar Chimirala, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) Jacky Judas, some rights reserved (CC BY) (4).

Photographs: iNaturalist did not answer when this page was built; what is shown came from the sources that did.

Papers naming this species

Works whose title or abstract names Millingtonia hortensis, most cited first, from OpenAlex (CC0). A mention, not a cultivation source: nothing on this page is drawn from them.

Revised structure for hortensin, a flavonoid from Millingtonia hortensis
Takeshi Hase, Kazuhiro Ohtani, Ryoji Kasai, Kazuo Yamasaki (1995) · Phytochemistry
Gluconobacter thailandicus sp. nov., an acetic acid bacterium in the .ALPHA.-Proteobacteria
Somboon Tanasupawat, Chitti Thawai, Pattaraporn Yukphan, Duangtip Moonmangmee (2004) · The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology
Replacing critical point drying with a low-cost chemical drying provides comparable surface image quality of glandular trichomes from leaves of Millingtonia hortensis L. f. in scanning electron micrograph
Raktim Bhattacharya, Sulagna Saha, О. В. Костина, Lyudmila E. Muravnik (2020) · Han-guk hyeonmigyeong hakoeji/Applied microscopy
Cyclohexylethanoids and related glucosides from Millingtonia hortensis
Takeshi Hase, Yuka Kawamoto, Kazuhiro Ohtani, Ryoji Kasai (1995) · Phytochemistry
Comparison and evaluation of volatile oils from three different extraction methods for some Thai fragrant flowers
W. Paibon, C.‐A. Yimnoi, N. Tembab, W. Boonlue (2010) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF CERTAIN BOTANICAL EXTRACTS AS LARVICIDES AGAINST THE YELLOW FEVER MOSQUITO, AEDES AEGYPTI.L
Joish Madhasudhana Murthy, Pathipati Usha Rani (2009) · Journal of Biopesticides
Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of hispidulin and hortensin, the flavonoids from Millingtonia hortensis L.
Malyn Chulasiri, Nuntawan Bunyapraphatsara, Primchanien Moongkarndi (1992) · Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis
New or Noteworthy Chromosome Records in the Angiosperms
Peter Goldblatt (1976) · Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
Phytochemical evaluation of Bignoniaceae flowers
Joseph Joselin, Thankappan Sarasabai Shynin Brintha, Augustian Rajam Florence, S. Jeeva (2013) · Journal of chemical and pharmaceutical research
Identification and Evaluation of Air Pollution Tolerance Index of Selected Avenue Tree Species of Urban Bangalore, India
M. S. Ravi Kumar, N. Nandini (2013) · ePrints@Bangalore University (Bangalore University)

Similar habitat climate the 6 species whose habitat climate is nearest this one's: mean day and night, month by month, and rain on a log scale, in calendar order, so a habitat with the same seasons six months out is far, not near. Nothing else counts: not range, not family.

History & registers

Where this page came from built 2026-09-20 · dossier v2 · node
gbif.species answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
gbif.synonyms answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
gbif.vernacular answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
wcvp.distribution answered
gbif.occurrences answeredGBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.3h4zam
climate answered
wikidata answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
wikipedia answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19; this build: skipped
inat.taxon not asked
inat.photos.wild answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19; this build: skipped
inat.photos.cultivated nothing to reportcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: filled 2026-09-20
commons nothing to reportcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
gbif.media answered
openalex answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19; this build: skipped

Every upstream is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, or refused. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 42 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.